Nie ma wersji polskiej
Mattia Banin
- 23 September 2025
- ECONOMIC BULLETIN - BOXEconomic Bulletin Issue 6, 2025Details
- Abstract
- This box examines the vulnerability of the euro area to China’s export restrictions on rare earth elements. Rare earth elements are essential for industries such as defence, electric vehicles, energy and electronics. Disruption to their supply poses significant risks because of their extensive use in manufacturing. A significant share of the rare earth supplies to the euro area is also indirectly sourced through intermediaries, particularly US firms, which themselves depend heavily on Chinese producers. Recent export restrictions have already disrupted European industries, with the automotive sector experiencing production halts caused by critically low stock. Such dependencies expose the euro area to vulnerabilities from future supply shocks, with potential ripple effects on industrial output and inflation.
- JEL Code
- F12 : International Economics→Trade→Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies, Fragmentation
F13 : International Economics→Trade→Trade Policy, International Trade Organizations
F14 : International Economics→Trade→Empirical Studies of Trade
F23 : International Economics→International Factor Movements and International Business→Multinational Firms, International Business
L14 : Industrial Organization→Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance→Transactional Relationships, Contracts and Reputation, Networks
- 18 March 2025
- ECONOMIC BULLETIN - BOXEconomic Bulletin Issue 2, 2025Details
- Abstract
- This box compares euro area export performance in high-tech sectors with that of China and the United States. While the euro area has maintained market share in several fast-growing high-tech sectors, it has underperformed in large medium-high-tech sectors. The latter, by virtue of their size, drive overall export growth and account for most of the euro area’s losses and China’s gains in export market shares. Both the United States and China have introduced new policies to boost their exports in specific sectors, and the strong export performance of the United States may be attributed to incentives introduced by the Inflation Reduction Act and the CHIPS and Science Act.
- JEL Code
- F13 : International Economics→Trade→Trade Policy, International Trade Organizations
F14 : International Economics→Trade→Empirical Studies of Trade
F62 : International Economics→Economic Impacts of Globalization→Macroeconomic Impacts
O33 : Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth→Technological Change, Research and Development, Intellectual Property Rights→Technological Change: Choices and Consequences, Diffusion Processes